Many would think IBD is like managing diarrhea or flatulence, in most cases, it is not taken seriously and there is a poor understanding of the effects it has on people’s everyday life. IBD is something that affects the patients personally. Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is an immune-mediated chronic intestinal condition. It results from inappropriate […]

Zollinger Ellison syndrome is named after two physicians Robert M Zollinger and Edwin Ellison. It is a gastrinoma, a tumor that is occurring in the pancreas.This tumor secretes gastrin. As we know gastrin triggers gastric acid production.The excess gastrin from the tumor stimulates the secretion of excess gastric acid in the stomach.The resulting excess acid causes peptic […]

Do you have a pet at home? If yes, then you are also at risk to develop hydatid cyst because dogs form the definitive host of the parasite echinococcus granulosus, the parasite responsible for causing hydatid disease Hike of the parasite It starts in the dog or other Canidae which contains the adult tapeworm, as […]

In everyday life it’s common to see a burn patient.Don’t get confused by the common word.Just take a look at our mother’s hands who cooks for us daily there would be a lot of small burned marks on her hands.See, she had tiny burns still, a burn injury we were not aware of. What our […]

A cyst is a pathological cavity, may or may not be lined by epithelium and containing fluid, semisolid or gaseous material.Dentigerous is a Latin word, which means tooth producing or tooth-bearing. Dentigerous cyst is an odontogenic cyst, so it is also known as Follicular Odontome. These unilocular cystic swellings arise from the dental epithelium of an unerupted […]

Useless organ putting one’s life in peril is an appendix. Yes, an appendix is the vestigial organ in our body. But, its inflammation can make people thrive for their lives. Inflammatory process strikes the appendix resulting in acute appendicitis. Why is it occurring??? An appendix has its opening in the caecum. If it is blocked, […]

Smoking is injurious to health – Hope everyone is familiar with this. After knowing this also, people don’t stop smoking.Smoking has the capacity of changing a man’s happy life to a sad life by causing many changes in the body.Smoker’s disease is the name given to an interesting food name disease.Yes, it is Buerger disease ( […]

If a person is unfriendly or unemotional then we often call them a cold personality. Like manner here, an abscess or the Pus collection behaves oddly compared to other pus collections. We call them a cold abscess. When we tell a pus collection the picture you imagine will be something similar to big acne, very […]

A birthmark is considered an identifying factor, commonly in the form of a brownish or blackish mole of varying size. Other than these you might have also noticed some scar or patchy red lesions in infants, it is also considered a birthmark. In the olden days, usually in rural areas people used to say it’s […]

The word Fistula means flute or a pipe tube. We use the term fistula for the abnormal communication of one viscus to another. Here in the thyroglossal fistula also there is an abnormal communication between the thyroglossal duct to the body surface. It’s purely an acquired condition. And the interesting factor is this acquired condition […]

As we all know, nutrition is the most important thing in our lives. If the people cannot eat, they will lack proper nutrition resulting in many diseases and finally death. What can we do for these people ???  We cannot leave the patient as such. Finding some alternative ways for nutrition support is important. Yes, […]

Wilms tumor is also known as nephroblastoma. The tumor gets its name from Dr. Max Wilms who first described the tumor in 1899.This is a malignant tumor of the kidney occurring in children and the tumor contains embryogenic nephrogenic tissue and this is attributed to be the most common pediatric renal tumor.  Why Wilms tumor? […]

Have you ever noticed the rusting of iron? The shiny iron rod will fade its color first, later on, the rust will extend to other shiny portions of iron and after that the rusty iron portion will fall off, making the strong iron rod a weaker one. Now, what will happen if the same story […]

Insulinoma can be easily understood by splitting the word insulin+oma “oma” means tumor so insulinoma means it is a tumor with an excess of insulin. Insulin is produced by the beta cells of the pancreas so insulinoma is a tumor arising from the beta cells (endocrine pancreas). We are quite familiar that the pancreas consists […]

Want to know about this condition, split up  Cystic meaning a fluid-filled sac and Hygroma means a malformation of the lymphatic system with a collection of pale clear fluid Now, Put it together it’s a fluid-filled sac due to lymphatic malformation. What malformations are possible? These embryonic remnants with their growth potential keep growing and penetrate the adjacent […]

Vomiting is a forceful ejection of gastric contents. We all would have experienced this at least once in our lifetime. Most of the time the vomitus only contains food particles, bile, etc., But in some cases, it may contain blood. This condition where the person vomits out blood is called hematemesis. It is caused by […]

A flail chest is a life-threatening condition where three or more ribs are involved in segmental fractures and are separated from the thoracic cage.  Or to be more simple, it is a segment of the rib cage that breaks and becomes separated or detached from the chest wall. This fractured segment of the rib sinks […]

You might have had this experience while gardening your plants, the water keeps on flowing and suddenly it gets stopped and when you take a look at the course of the tube you would notice that it has got twisted at some point and this is what happens in case of torsion, of testis the […]

“Changes are inevitable” right and you know what these changes start since we just formed as a baby. At about 4th week of gestation 6 pairs of branchial arches are formed. These arches are covered by the cleft on the external surface and pouches on the internal surface. These outside cleft have to disappear at […]

A Choledochal cyst has both a positive and a negative side. The positive side is that it is a rare anomaly and the negative side is a premalignant condition meaning if you develop a choledochal cyst you have increased chances of developing a malignancy. With regards to here, it’s a cholangiocarcinoma(carcinoma of the bile duct). […]

Adeno means gland and carcinoma meaning uncontrolled growth of cells. If you are a female then you are lucky because you don’t have a prostate gland so you won’t develop this carcinoma. This is the most common malignant tumor in men greater than 65 yrs of age. The incidence of prostate cancer in men over […]

Mesenteric cysts are simply cysts found in the mesentery. The mesentery is a supporting organ that attaches the intestines to the posterior abdominal wall. Mesenteric cysts can occur anywhere along the mesentery. It is a rare benign abdominal tumor with an incidence of  1 per 100,000 to 250,000 admissions. They are classified into the following […]

If anyone of your kin is involved in a job which involved long hours of standing, might be a bus conductor or a teacher and you are likely to look at their legs in most cases you would visualize some enlarged vein, some complaining of pain and some may not, and that is what a […]

Imagine yourself sitting in an OPD and a patient arrives with a swelling in the neck and within seconds you could get a suspicion of goiter and with a simple clinical test you can confirm that it is goiter, but where the problem lies is to find the cause of the goiter which is what […]

Pseudo means false, not real, etc. So what does pseudocyst mean, there is no actual cyst? Definitely, there is a cyst, but it is pseudo because it deviates from the criteria of a true cyst. A true cyst is a fluid collection in a capsule lined by epithelium. A pseudocyst is surrounded by a nonepithelized […]

When we hear the term Plummer Vinson syndrome, we will be thinking. Is it the disease of the plumber? But, it is not the case. Plummer Vinson syndrome is one of the rare diseases. Even Though it is rare, it can change into human killing carcinoma which is nothing but squamous cell carcinoma. Let us […]

Many of us must have heard the term hernia before, but what is a hernia? To understand better, think about your mattress. It is foam and steel coils inside a covering which keeps them in place. What if the outer covering of your mattress is not strong enough to hold the foam inside? The foam […]

Cryptorchidism – undescended testis. Everyone knows the testis is the main organ of masculinity. What happens if the testis is not in its pouch??? Undescended testis This is due to the arrest of the descent of the one or two testis in its pathway. Concern to the testis pathway, in the intrauterine life testis, has […]

Bladder exstrophy or ectopia vesicae is a congenital abnormality that results in protrusion of the urinary bladder out of the abdomen.The incomplete development of the anterior wall of the bladder, leaves the inside of the bladder exposed to the outside environment.Also, most cases of bladder exstrophy involve epispadias, a condition where the urethra opens at […]

ting ranula: Complications Help the patient by, Ranulas if small can resolve on their own but if persistent and symptomatic then treatment becomes necessary. References Authors footnote Feel free to click on the references for a more in-depth reading if you so desire. If you feel any information can be added or that there are […]

Cleft lip and cleft palate are the most common congenital abnormalities occurring in the face.It can affect the lips, alveolus, hard palate, and soft palate in combinations or exclusively.These defects can be associated with any underlying syndromes, so a thorough assessment of all patients is mandatory to exclude any serious congenital abnormality.  Development of face […]

Skin – the largest organ of the body, is very important as a biological layer for homeostasis.Skin grafting can be defined as the transfer of skin from one area to another area.The region from where healthy skin is taken is called the donor area.The defective region from where the skin is being transferred is known as […]

As the name suggests the condition in most cases is congenital so the patient with the disease would always be a neonate particularly presenting at the 3rd to 6th weeks of age(the time is taken for complete obstruction) The stomach consists of three muscle layers: outer longitudinal, middle circular, and inner oblique layer. The condition […]

Peritoneum – the guard of the abdomen. Yes, it protects the abdominal organs with its two layers. Parietal and visceral peritoneum are the two. Between these two is the peritoneal cavity which has some fluid named peritoneal fluid with lubricating function.  By splitting the word peritonitis – “itis” which means inflammation. Right, it is the inflammation […]

Every human lives with the energy provided by food. Does anyone wonder how these foods are converted to energy banks? Yes, here comes the king of enzymes producing structure. THE Pancreas – it is playing a major role in the digestion of foods which we take. The only organ which has both exocrine (producing enzymes […]

A condition that makes our largest gland (liver) cry is hepatocellular carcinoma. Our giant liver performs many functions in our body. But, this cancer will stop the liver from doing its function and makes us suffer a lot of problems. Let us look something about this curseful thing here Hepatocellular carcinoma is the primary malignant […]

Varicocele means the abnormal dilatation, elongation, and tortuosity of the veins of the spermatic cord. This occurs as the veins are blocked due to some reason but blood keeps on accumulating in them resulting in their dilatation. So basically, a tangle of veins in the scrotum with incompetent valves doesn’t function normally and the blood […]

We all would have experienced vomiting or throwing up at least once in our lifetime. It is just a forceful expulsion of stomach contents. Most of the time these are mild and resolve eventually. But when vomiting gets severe and prolonged on some occasions, it may result in damage to the esophagus producing dreadful complications. […]

Strong layers of the abdomen hold all the contents inside. When we put an incision due to some surgical issues, we are cutting all the strong layers. So the abdominal contents will protrude through an incision scar which is called an incisional hernia. First, we will have a quick review of strong layers of the […]

What is this Warthin tumor? Yes, it is the tumor of the main salivary gland (parotid gland). Everyone will have some nicknames called by different people right!!! This tumor has also different names which itself tells what the tumor is.  Other names Warthin tumor is also known as adenolymphoma or papillary cystadenoma lymphomatosum. When we hear the name […]

Hirschsprung’s disease is a condition of the ano-rectum and intestine present since birth. The individuals with this condition are born with an intestine that cannot move stools out of their bodies. This is because a part of the patient’s ano rectum and intestine is lacking its nerve cells called ganglion cells. These ganglion cells keep […]

This is a disease you can easily avoid getting by maintaining good personal hygiene and by drinking boiled water. The name of the disease it-self tells the causative organism, affected part, and the pathology. Amoeba, a unicellular organism is behind this disease, more specifically by entamoeba histolytica. It affects the liver and causes Pus formation […]

Pelvis gives support to  the most important organs of our body, part of the intestine, urinary bladder, reproductive organs, etc. infections of all these organs are common. This is the reason why intraperitoneal abscess are common in the pelvis. If you consider it as a small puss collection, it’s wrong. It’s a dangerous life-threatening collection […]

Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is the most common urological problem in men. This age-related problem is mainly accompanied by symptoms of bladder obstruction. But it’s not a confirmatory symptom of BPH. In some people, BPH can be asymptomatic. As 50% of all men in their lifetime develop BPH, and the symptoms should be treated as […]

To control the growth and activities of our body we used to say the brain contributes a major role. What about the activities of our internal organs? We have hormones for it. Likewise, we know our GIT is lined by mucosa, for enhancing its growth, gastric motility, and for the secretion of HCL into the […]

Also known as “auriculotemporal syndrome or gustatory sweating”. Sweating we say it cools down the body temperature, essential for maintaining homeostasis of our body. Still we get annoyed by it. By seeing tasty delicious food our salivation increases. Can you imagine a condition where we get sweating also whenever we enjoy our delicious food items?  […]

Let us take a red color balloon and fill it with running tap water. As the water keeps on filling, the pressure inside the balloon increases, and it bursts. Yes, the same concept here. As the blood volume in the small blood vessel increases it reshapes themselves into tortuous vessels called varices. If the same […]

One of the serious complications of being immobile and bedridden for a longer period is deep vein thrombosis (DVT), as it can cause pulmonary embolism and death. What is DVT? From the name, we can get some idea that it is a thrombus in the deep veins. This thrombus formation is due to various causes, […]

Cholecystitis is a disease that commonly occurs as a complication of cholelithiasis (stones in the gallbladder). Cholecystitis originated from the Greek word cholecyst, which means gallbladder, and the suffix “itis” denotes inflammation. In short, we can tell Cholecystitis is inflammation of the gallbladder. Cholecystitis is mainly of two types, acute and chronic. Considering the severity […]

While breathing, our lungs expand. What will happen if lung volume decreases? Our breathing will be difficult. From another point of view: our life will be in danger if; the expansion of the lung decreases. Chest drains or intercostal tube insertion; are used for saving lives in critical care. The procedure of intercostal tube insertion […]

Just by seeing the junk foods, everyone tends to salivate. These delicious foods have high-fat content. We people, without knowing its harmful effects, often eat a lot of them. When we eat food rich in fat, a magical substance called bile is released from the gallbladder. This substance helps in the absorption and digestion of […]

“Oh, my GERD!” is a very common joke pulled on people suffering from the symptoms of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). What some fail to understand is that acid reflux is a widespread, highly troublesome disease, that can lead to dangerous complications. There’s a common misunderstanding between heartburn and a heart attack. It is important to […]

Onychocryptosis can be understood by splitting the term – onyx meaning nail and kryptos meaning hidden. It is a common form of nail disease. It is also called ingrowing toenail or embedded toenail or unguis incarnatus. Here the nail grows out of its normal shape to form a curve. It develops lateral spikes that irritate the adjacent structures. Assume […]

Hypertension is a common disease we all are aware of. Portal hypertension is slightly different from systemic hypertension. For ensuring blood supply to the major organs, our body forms collateral circulation, in a simple way, the connection between veins and capillaries is known as portal circulation. In the human body, portal circulation is seen in the […]